Physical Therapy in Bedford and Irving for Shoulder
Welcome to Barkman & Smith Physical Therapy's patient resource about quadrilateral space syndrome.
Quadrilateral space syndrome (QSS) happens when the axillary nerve is compressed, or injured in the back of the shoulder. Sometimes the symptoms are caused by the compression of an artery in the same area.
Quadrilateral space syndrome usually happens from overuse, especially with overhead sports like throwing and swimming. The syndrome can also be caused by an injury, like a shoulder dislocation.
This guide will help you understand:
what parts of the shoulder are involved
what causes this condition
how the condition is diagnosed
what treatment options are available
Hear from some of our patients who we treated for Shoulder Pain
“
I have been on this journey for about 10 months! Chase, Liz and Christina are the dream team! They were great before I had surgery on my rotator cuff in May! After surgery they have been amazing! I am... ”
“ I have been on this journey for about 10 months! Chase, Liz and Christina are the dream team! They were great before I had surgery on my rotator cuff in May! After surgery they have been amazing! I am now a proud "graduate" of Barkman and Smith Physical Therapy!!! Thanks to all of you! ”
“
Thank You Very Much to Peter and everyone at Barkman and Smith for helping me make a full recovery ,
Cristian DeLira ”
“ Thank You Very Much to Peter and everyone at Barkman and Smith for helping me make a full recovery ,
Cristian DeLira ”
Cristian D
Submitted on website directly
“
Chase and Liz are great. They listen to your concerns, answer all your questions, and walk you through exercises that get you physically where you need to be. I had great results when they PTed my... ”
“ Chase and Liz are great. They listen to your concerns, answer all your questions, and walk you through exercises that get you physically where you need to be. I had great results when they PTed my shoulder from a torn rotator cuff. I’m so thankful a friend of mine suggested I go to Barkman & Smith off Golden Triangle. ”
“
Ron Barkman is a god among men. He and his team helped me get my life back after I dislocated my shoulder. Everyone is very friendly and encouraging. They get to know you by name. When I finally... ”
“ Ron Barkman is a god among men. He and his team helped me get my life back after I dislocated my shoulder. Everyone is very friendly and encouraging. They get to know you by name. When I finally completed my physical therapy I was actually sad that I wouldn’t be going back anymore. Thank you Ron and Vince for operating such a quality establishment. ”
“
I am thankful for all the help that Chase provided to improve my health and much less pain. I love his fur baby that helps me to relax while doing PT. Thank you Chase🙏🏼 ”
“ I am thankful for all the help that Chase provided to improve my health and much less pain. I love his fur baby that helps me to relax while doing PT. Thank you Chase🙏🏼 ”
Magalie H
Submitted on website directly
“
I came to Barkman and Smith as a result of a car wreck. For two weeks I tried to live with the muscle spasms under my left scapula. It felt like a tennis ball under my scapula. I am a professor at... ”
“ I came to Barkman and Smith as a result of a car wreck. For two weeks I tried to live with the muscle spasms under my left scapula. It felt like a tennis ball under my scapula. I am a professor at TCC. My duties of teaching, grading, and computer work just aggravated the problem. After about three sessions at Barkman and Smith I started to experience results. Although no one wants to be in a car wreck, this one had a silver lining. As it turns out, the PT I received for my muscle spasm due to the wreck also worked wonders for relieving overall back and neck tension. My home program is now a tool I can use all of the time to help back and neck tension due to my profession. Four weeks of therapy and My back spasms are gone, no meds, just PT! The staff, techs, and PTs are very friendly and helpful. As a side note, ask Peter, one of the PTs, to demonstrate maxing out all the weight machines! ”
Teresa M
Submitted on website directly
Anatomy
What parts of the shoulder are involved?
A quadrilateral is a four-sided shape. The quadrilateral space of the shoulder is in the upper back, where the shoulder meets the body. Three of the sides of the quadrilateral space are formed by muscles. The top of the quadrilateral is bordered by a muscle called the teres minor. The teres major muscle forms the bottom border. Part of the triceps muscle forms the inside border. The long bone of the upper arm, called the humerus, makes up the outer border.
In addition to these muscles, the axillary nerve and the posterior circumflex humeral artery are in the quadrilateral space. When either the nerve or the artery is compressed or injured in this area it can cause problems such as quadrilateral space syndrome.
The axillary nerve is considered a peripheral nerve. There are several peripheral nerves in the shoulder that can be injured. The spinal cord in the neck, or cervical area, has branches that are called:
Nerve Roots
The nerve roots in the neck come together to form a large peripheral nerve called the brachial plexus. The axillary nerve is one of the branches off the brachial plexus. The axillary nerve is mainly formed from the fifth (C5) and sixth (C6) cervical nerve roots. The axillary nerve gives strength to the teres minor muscle and the deltoid muscle. It gives sensation to the shoulder joint.
The shoulder joint is also known as the:
Glenohumeral Joint
It is a ball and socket joint. The glenoid is the cup portion of the shoulder joint. The upper end of the humerus forms the ball portion.
The shoulder joint is supported by many muscles. The most famous are the four rotator cuff muscles. They combine at the shoulder to form a thick cuff. They are also referred to as the SITS muscles. Each letter stands for one of the rotator cuff muscles; supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis. Sometimes injury to the quadrilateral space is mistaken as rotator cuff injury.
Repetitive stress or overuse is a major cause of quadrilateral space syndrome. Some of the more common causes of overuse are seen in overhead sports like throwing and swimming. Children specializing in certain sports at early ages, have increased risk of getting quadrilateral space syndrome. Sometimes poor training techniques are to blame. Bands of extra fibers are usually what cause the compression of the axillary nerve, or the small artery in the quadrilateral space.
There are varying degrees of nerve injury. Most commonly, injury to the axillary nerve is a more mild form of injury called neuropraxia. This means that it typically recovers fully. The axillary nerve is very short, so even a severe injury can heal rather quickly.
An acute axillary nerve injury can also happen from carrying a heavy backpack. The misuse of crutches can also cause compression of the nerve.
The most common traumatic injury that causes quadrilateral space syndrome (QSS) is a:
Should Dislocation
Some reports show that quadrilateral space syndrome can happen 10 to 60 percent of the time after a shoulder dislocation. There is a greater risk depending on the type of dislocation. A blunt force injury to the back of the shoulder can also cause quadrilateral space syndrome.
Symptoms
What does quadrilateral space syndrome feel like?
Symptoms of quadrilateral space syndrome usually include vague shoulder pain, numbness or tingling in the arm, and tenderness to pressure over the area of the quadrilateral space.
A dull ache in the shoulder may worsen when the arm is moved overhead repeatedly.
Weakness and instability can sometimes be noted.
The diagnosis of quadrilateral space syndrome is often missed since symptoms can be similar to other shoulder problems.
Diagnosis
Following an assessment your Physical Therapist at Barkman & Smith Physical Therapy will advise you of the findings and create an individualized Physical Therapy program.
He or she may request additional testing to help define the true nature of your injury. Below is a guideline of what you might expect during rehabilitation for your injury.
Our Physical Therapist will ask questions about your activity, possible traumatic injury, and the symptoms you are having. Physical examination usually includes evaluating range of motion, strength testing, checking reflexes and assessing sensation. During this examination we will appy pressure over various areas of the shoulder to see where it may be painful.
Weakness and instability are common symptoms. The diagnosis of quadrilateral space syndrome is easy to miss since symptoms can be similar to other shoulder problems. Often there will be wasting of specific muscles supplied by the axillary nerve such as deltoid or teres minor. Subluxation (instability) of the glenohumeral joint is a significant symptom to be assessed with this syndrome.
Some Barkman & Smith Physical Therapy patients may be referred to a doctor for further medical evaluation.
Our Treatment
Non-surgical Rehabilitation
Most of the time, quadrilateral space syndrome will improve with nonsurgical treatment.
There are varying degrees of nerve injury. Most commonly, injury to the axillary nerve is a more mild form of an injury called neuropraxia. This means that it typically recovers fully. The axillary nerve is very short, so even a severe injury can heal rather quickly.
It is important to rest your shoulder, and your Physical Therapist at Barkman & Smith Physical Therapy may suggest taking a break from the activity that may be causing your symptoms. Changing throwing or sport mechanics may be helpful.
We may also recommend over-the-counter anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen. Heat or cold packs to your shoulder can also be beneficial.
Barkman & Smith Physical Therapy will help you to maintain shoulder range of motion, or flexibility. Posture training may also be helpful. Our Physical Therapist may have you change the way you do your overhead sport when overuse is a possible cause.
Electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) may be beneficial when there is muscle weakness or wasting. EMS is a battery operated device that sends electrical current to your muscles to make them contract. This will help maintain strength and decrease wasting of the muscle. There are units that can be used at home.
Although the time required for recovery varies, after about four weeks, many patients are able to do more exercise on their own. Usually by six weeks, exercises specific to your sport are introduced into your Physical Therapy program. In most cases, you can expect to have full range of motion, and be able to resume activity in 12 weeks.
Time required for return to sports varies. Repeat EMG studies are often ordered by your physician to see if the axillary nerve is improving. Improvement in the EMG should be seen, and near full recovery of deltoid muscle strength is recommended before return to your activity or sport. Sport specific retraining may be necessary before you can play your sport at full intensity.
Most of the time, conservative care such as Physical Therapy is all that is needed. Rarely is surgery needed.
Post-surgical Rehabilitation
Most post-surgical shoulder rehabilitation includes three phases.
Phase I goals are to limit pain, and allow range of motion at the shoulder. When you begin your Barkman & Smith Physical Therapy post-surgical rehabilitation, we will start with gentle shoulder mobility to keep scar tissue from forming again. This also keeps the nerve and blood vessels moving freely. During the first four weeks after surgery, it is important not to overuse your arm. Our Physical Therapist may also have you work on posture as part of your Physical Therapy.
Phase II includes gentle strengthening of the shoulder and upper extremity. Total body conditioning is also important. Our Physical Therapist may recommend that you ride a bike, walk on a treadmill, and strengthen the core muscles in your trunk.
Phase III is usually started six weeks after surgery, although the time required for surgery varies among patients. This includes sport specific activities, functional activities, and continued conditioning. Your Physical Therapist may have you change the way you do your overhead sport when overuse has been the problem.
Your surgeon may suggest that you have the EMG repeated at monthly intervals to see if the axillary nerve is improving, especially after surgery to graft the nerve. By twelve weeks, you should have full range of motion of the shoulder with good pain control. As in non-surgical rehabilitation, time required for return to sports varies. In general, it is recommended there be improvement in the EMG, and that the muscle strength of the operated shoulder is at least 80 percent of the muscle strength of nonoperated shoulder.
At Barkman & Smith Physical Therapy, our goal is to help you keep your pain under control, improve range of motion, and maximize strength and control in your shoulder. When your recovery is well under way, regular visits to our office will end. Although we will continue to be a resource, you will be in charge of doing your exercises as part of an ongoing home program.
Barkman & Smith Physical Therapy provides services for Physical Therapy in Bedford and Irving.
Surgery
For some patients, surgery may be required.
Bands of extra fibers in the quadrilateral space are usually what cause the compression of the axillary nerve or the small artery or vein. These bands of fibers are clipped or removed during surgery. This type of surgery is called decompression. It is quite effective.
Occasionally, after high-energy trauma, or during surgery, the axillary nerve will be over-stretched, or even cut. This type of injury is called neurotomesis. The axillary nerve may need to be repaired. The injured portion is replaced with another nerve. This is called a nerve graft.
Your surgeon will operate from the back of the shoulder, making a small incision. In the case of nerve grafting, there will be a small incision where the other portion of nerve is removed. You will be allowed to go home the same day. Your arm will likely be in a sling.
Symptoms of quadrilateral space syndrome usually include vague shoulder pain, numbness or tingling in the arm, and tenderness to pressure over the area of the quadrilateral space.
